Nature’s coastal guardians 

December 1, 2025

Mangroves form a distinctive group of plant species that thrive along coastal stretches where land and sea meet. These ecosystems occur mainly in muddy, marshy and waterlogged areas that are regularly influenced by tidal seawater. Their ability to survive in saline, oxygen-poor and unstable soils makes them one of the most specialised plant communities in the world. In different regions, mangroves are known by various local names, including tattavruksha, kund and kandalvan, reflecting their long association with coastal communities and traditional knowledge systems.

Globally, researchers have identified about 73 species of true mangroves. India supports 46 of these species, making the country one of the significant repositories of mangrove diversity. The distribution of species varies across the east and west coasts, as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which host some of the richest mangrove habitats. Prominent species found in India include Tatawar, Champa, Fugni, also known as Murchi, along with Surkandal, Kandal, Sood, Meswak and Marindi. Each species plays a distinct ecological role, contributing to the resilience and productivity of the mangrove ecosystem.

Mangroves provide a wide range of environmental benefits. Their complex root systems stabilise coastal soils, reduce erosion and serve as natural barriers against storms and tidal surges. By trapping sediments, mangroves maintain water quality and protect nearby coral reefs and seagrass beds from excessive siltation. Their unique structure creates habitats for fish, crustaceans, molluscs, amphibians and a variety of bird species. Many coastal communities depend on mangrove-rich areas for fishing, honey collection and small-scale forest produce.

Scientific studies highlight the important role of mangroves in carbon sequestration. Their biomass and soil systems store large amounts of carbon for long periods, making them crucial in mitigating climate change. Despite their ecological value, mangrove ecosystems face growing threats from coastal development, aquaculture expansion, pollution and rising sea levels. Large tracts have been cleared or degraded, disrupting ecological balance and reducing local livelihoods.

Conservation efforts across India now focus on restoring degraded mangrove patches, protecting existing forests and involving local communities in sustainable management. Research institutions and environmental agencies are documenting species diversity, studying ecological functions and promoting public awareness to safeguard these vital coastal ecosystems. Mangroves remain essential components of India’s natural heritage, providing protection, resources and ecological stability to coastal regions.